Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology transforms EVs into dynamic energy assets, enabling bidirectional energy flow between vehicles and the grid. It supports grid stability through frequency regulation, peak demand management, and renewable energy integration, while offering financial incentives like cost savings and revenue generation. Businesses gain hidden benefits, such as enhanced CSR, resilience, and new revenue streams via grid services. Globally, pilot projects in Europe, North America, and Asia showcase progress, though challenges like standardization, regulatory clarity, costs, and battery degradation persist. Despite hurdles, the V2G market is poised for growth, driven by rising EV adoption and grid flexibility needs, making it a critical tool for sustainable energy futures.

As electric vehicle (EV) charging stations proliferate, they become prime targets for cyberattacks due to grid connectivity and data vulnerabilities. Risks include ransomware, data breaches, grid destabilization, and reputational damage. Mitigation requires layered security: encrypted communication, network isolation, regular updates, physical safeguards, and adherence to certifications like ISO 21434 and NIS2. Shared responsibility among operators, manufacturers, users, and regulators is crucial. Emerging technologies like AI and blockchain enhance threat detection and data integrity. Proactive measures and compliance ensure secure EV charging ecosystems amid evolving cyber threats.

Highway-integrated photovoltaic (PV) storage charging stations achieve profitability by combining charging fees, grid services, government subsidies, and ancillary revenue (e.g., retail, ads). Unlike standard stations, they blend solar power, battery storage, and smart grid interaction to cut costs and boost resilience. Key strategies include optimized energy management, dynamic pricing, V2G technology for grid balancing, and location-based amenities. Initial costs are offset by incentives, while diversified revenue streams and future trends like ultra-fast charging and AI-driven operations ensure long-term viability in the EV ecosystem.